Black and white QR codes remain the safest and most universal option. If reliability matters more than visual experimentation, monochrome usually wins.
Scanners are optimized for contrast. A black code on a white background gives the clearest separation between modules and makes it easier for cameras to read the pattern in poor lighting, from lower-quality prints, or on older devices.
Many QR failures happen after handoff, not during design. Files get resized, printed on new materials, compressed, or placed in lower-light environments. Black and white gives the broadest margin of safety across those unknowns, which is why it remains the default in industrial, operational, and high-volume print settings.
If you are launching a new workflow and reliability is the top priority, start with monochrome. Once the system is proven, you can test more branded variations against that baseline.